Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatric Neuroradiology

Kevin R. Moore, MD 120 Cerebral Contusion Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 124 Diffuse Axonal Injury Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 128 Subcortical Injury Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 132 Abusive Head Trauma Luke L. Linscott, MD STROKE 136 Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage Luke L. Linscott, MD 140 Hydranencephaly Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 142 White Matter Injury of Prematurity Luke L. Linscott, MD 146 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Luke L. Linscott, MD 150 Childhood Stroke Luke L. Linscott, MD 154 Sickle Cell Disease, Brain Luke L. Linscott, MD 158 Moyamoya Luke L. Linscott, MD VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS CVMS WITH AV SHUNTING 162 Arteriovenous Malformation Luke L. Linscott, MD 166 Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Luke L. Linscott, MD 170 Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation Luke L. Linscott, MD CVMS WITHOUT AV SHUNTING 174 Developmental Venous Anomaly Luke L. Linscott, MD 180 Cavernous Malformation Luke L. Linscott, MD 184 Capillary Telangiectasia Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 188 Sinus Pericranii Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR NEOPLASMS 192 Pilocytic Astrocytoma Luke L. Linscott, MD 196 Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 200 Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 204 Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma Kevin R. Moore, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR 208 Ganglioglioma Luke L. Linscott, MD 212 DNET Luke L. Linscott, MD 216 Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors Luke L. Linscott, MD 220 Dysplastic Cerebellar Gangliocytoma Luke L. Linscott, MD 224 Choroid Plexus Papilloma Luke L. Linscott, MD 228 Choroid Plexus Carcinoma Luke L. Linscott, MD 232 Infratentorial Ependymoma Luke L. Linscott, MD 236 Supratentorial Ependymoma Luke L. Linscott, MD 240 Medulloblastoma Luke L. Linscott, MD 244 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor Luke L. Linscott, MD 248 Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes Luke L. Linscott, MD 252 Pineoblastoma Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 256 Pediatric-Type Diffuse High-Grade Gliomas Luke L. Linscott, MD 260 Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma Luke L. Linscott, MD 264 Brainstem Tumors Luke L. Linscott, MD 268 Germinoma Luke L. Linscott, MD 272 Teratoma Luke L. Linscott, MD 276 Metastatic Neuroblastoma Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 280 Leukemia, Brain Luke L. Linscott, MD 284 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Skull and Brain Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS 288 Arachnoid Cyst Luke L. Linscott, MD 292 Dermoid Cyst, Brain Luke L. Linscott, MD 296 Epidermoid Cyst, Brain Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 300 Neuroglial Cyst Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 302 Enlarged Perivascular Spaces Luke L. Linscott, MD 306 Pineal Cyst Luke L. Linscott, MD 310 Choroid Plexus Cyst Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 314 Ependymal Cyst Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 316 Porencephalic Cyst Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 320 Neurenteric Cyst, Brain Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 322 Lipoma, Brain Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Luke L. Linscott, MD INFECTIOUS DISEASE CONGENITAL/NEONATAL INFECTIONS 326 Congenital CMV Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA 330 Congenital HIV Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 332 Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis Kevin R. Moore, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA 334 Parechovirus Encephalitis Luke L. Linscott, MD 336 Group B Streptococcal Meningitis Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 340 Citrobacter Meningitis Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR ACQUIRED INFECTIONS 344 Abscess, Brain Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR 348 Ventriculitis Luke L. Linscott, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR 350 Empyema Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR 354 Herpes Encephalitis Type 1 Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 358 Miscellaneous Encephalitis Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA 362 Rasmussen Encephalitis Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 366 Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Kevin R. Moore, MD 368 Tuberculosis Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 372 Neurocysticercosis Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 376 Miscellaneous Parasites Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR INFLAMMATORY AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE 380 Approach to Pediatric Inflammatory and Demyelinating Diseases Kevin R. Moore, MD 384 Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis, Brain Kevin R. Moore, MD 388 ADEM, Brain Kevin R. Moore, MD 392 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease, Brain Kevin R. Moore, MD INHERITED METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS 396 Approach to Normal Brain Development and Metabolic Disorders Kevin R. Moore, MD Normal Variants 402 Hypomyelination Blaise V. Jones, MD Mitochrondrial Disorders 406 MELAS Kevin R. Moore, MD and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC 410 Mitochondrial Encephalopathies Blaise V. Jones, MD LYSOSOMAL DISORDERS 414 Mucopolysaccharidoses, Brain Kevin R. Moore, MD 418 Gangliosidosis (GM2) Kevin R. Moore, MD 422 Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Kevin R. Moore, MD 426 Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy Blaise V. Jones, MD PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS 430 Zellweger Syndrome and Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders Blaise V. Jones, MD 432 X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Kevin R. Moore, MD, Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR ORGANIC AND AMINOACIDOPATHIES 436 Maple Syrup Urine Disease Kevin R. Moore, MD and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC 440 Urea Cycle Disorders Kevin R. Moore, MD 442 Glutaric Acidemia Type 1 Kevin R. Moore, MD and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC 446 Canavan Disease Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 448 Alexander Disease Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR MISCELLANEOUS 452 Megalencephaly With Leukoencephalopathy and Cysts Kevin R. Moore, MD and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC 456 Vanishing White Matter Kevin R. Moore, MD 460 X-Linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth Kevin R. Moore, MD 462 PKAN Kevin R. Moore, MD 466 Huntington Disease Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 470 Wilson Disease Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS 474 Hypoglycemia Kevin R. Moore, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA 478 Kernicterus Kevin R. Moore, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA 480 Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES Luke L. Linscott, MD 484 Mesial Temporal Sclerosis Kevin R. Moore, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA 488 Cerebellitis Luke L. Linscott, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA SECTION 2: ANATOMY-BASED DIAGNOSES VENTRICLES AND CISTERNS 492 Approach to Ventricular Anatomy and Imaging Issues Kevin R. Moore, MD 496 Cavum Septi Pellucidi Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 497 Cavum Velum Interpositum Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 498 Benign Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces Luke L. Linscott, MD 502 Hydrocephalus Blaise V. Jones, MD 506 Aqueductal Stenosis Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 510 CSF Shunts and Complications Kevin R. Moore, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA SELLA AND PITUITARY 514 Approach to Pituitary Development Luke L. Linscott, MD 520 Pituitary Anomalies Luke L. Linscott, MD, Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR, and Kevin R. Moore, MD 524 Craniopharyngioma Luke L. Linscott, MD 528 Hypothalamic Hamartoma Luke L. Linscott, MD SKULL, SCALP, AND MENINGES CONGENITAL 532 Congenital Calvarial Defects Kevin R. Moore, MD 536 Craniosynostoses Kevin R. Moore, MD 540 Cephalocele Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 542 Atretic Cephalocele Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR TRAUMA 546 Calvarial Fracture Kevin R. Moore, MD 550 Intracranial Hypotension Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR NONNEOPLASTIC AND TUMOR-LIKE DISORDERS 554 Fibrous Dysplasia Kevin R. Moore, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA 558 Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR 562 Thick Skull Kevin R. Moore, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA Part II: Head and NeckSECTION 1: TEMPORAL BONE AND SKULL BASE 566 Classification of Inner Ear Malformations Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 568 Labyrinthine Aplasia Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 570 Oval Window Atresia Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 572 Cochlear Aplasia Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 574 Cochlear Hypoplasia Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 576 Cochlear Nerve and Cochlear Nerve Canal Aplasia-Hypoplasia Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 578 X-Linked Stapes Gusher (DFNX2) Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 580 Common Cavity Malformation Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 582 Cystic Cochleovestibular Malformation Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 584 Large Vestibular Aqueduct Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 588 Semicircular Canal Hypoplasia-Aplasia Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 592 Endolymphatic Sac Tumor Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 594 Dermoid and Epidermo Bernadette L. Koch, MD 598 CPA-IAC Arachnoid Cyst Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 602 Congenital Cholesteatoma Bernadette L. Koch, MD 604 Acquired Cholesteatoma Bernadette L. Koch, MD 606 Skull Base Chondrosarcoma Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Philip R. Chapman, MD SECTION 2: ORBIT, NOSE, AND SINUSES 612 Nasal Glioma Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD 616 Frontoethmoidal Cephalocele Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD 620 Nasal Dermal Sinus Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD 624 Choanal Atresia Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD 626 Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis Bernadette L. Koch, MD 628 Juvenile Angiofibroma Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 632 Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia Bernadette L. Koch, MD 636 Macrophthalmia Bernadette L. Koch, MD 638 Coloboma Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 642 Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD 644 Orbital Dermoid and Epidermoid Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 648 Orbital Cellulitis Bernadette L. Koch, MD 652 Orbital Vascular Malformations Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 656 Orbital Infantile Hemangioma Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD 660 Retinoblastoma Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD SECTION 3: SUPRAHYOID AND INFRAHYOID NECK 666 Approach to Congenital Cystic Neck Masses Bernadette L. Koch, MD 670 Lingual Thyroid Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD 672 Oral Cavity Dermoid and Epidermoid Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD 676 Reactive Lymph Nodes Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD 680 Suppurative Adenitis Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD SECTION 4: MULTIPLE REGIONS, HEAD AND NECK 686 1st Branchial Cleft Cyst Bernadette L. Koch, MD 690 2nd Branchial Cleft Cyst Bernadette L. Koch, MD 694 3rd Branchial Cleft Cyst Bernadette L. Koch, MD 698 4th Branchial Cleft Cyst Bernadette L. Koch, MD 702 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Bernadette L. Koch, MD 706 Cervical Thymic Cyst Bernadette L. Koch, MD 710 Venous Malformation Bernadette L. Koch, MD 714 Lymphatic Malformation Bernadette L. Koch, MD 718 Infantile Hemangioma Bernadette L. Koch, MD 722 Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Head and Neck Bernadette L. Koch, MD 726 Brachial Plexus Schwannoma in Perivertebral Space Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 728 Fibromatosis Colli Bernadette L. Koch, MD 732 Rhabdomyosarcoma Bernadette L. Koch, MD 736 Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumors Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 738 Orbital Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR Part III: SpineSECTION 1: CONGENITAL AND GENETIC DISORDERS CONGENITAL NORMAL ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS 744 Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma Kevin R. Moore, MD 746 Ventriculus Terminalis Kevin R. Moore, MD CHIARI DISORDERS 750 Chiari 1 Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 752 Chiari 2 Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 754 Chiari 3 Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD 756 Complex Chiari Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD ABNORMALITIES OF NEURULATION 758 Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development Kevin R. Moore, MD 766 Myelomeningocele Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 768 Lipomyelomeningocele Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 772 Terminal Myelocystocele Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD 776 Dorsal Dermal Sinus Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 778 Dermoid Cyst, Spine Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD 782 Epidermoid Cyst, Spine Kevin R. Moore, MD ANOMALIES OF CAUDAL CELL MESS 786 Tethered Spinal Cord Kevin R. Moore, MD 790 Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD 794 Caudal Regression Syndrome Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD 798 Myelocystocele Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 802 Anterior Sacral Meningocele Kevin R. Moore, MD 806 Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst Kevin R. Moore, MD 810 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Kevin R. Moore, MD ANOMALIES OF NOTOCHORD AND VERTEBRAL FORMATION 814 Craniovertebral Junction Variants Kevin R. Moore, MD 820 Klippel-Feil Spectrum Kevin R. Moore, MD 824 Failure of Vertebral Formation Kevin R. Moore, MD 828 Vertebral Segmentation Failure Kevin R. Moore, MD 832 Partial Vertebral Duplication Kevin R. Moore, MD 834 Diastematomyelia Kevin R. Moore, MD 838 Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element Kevin R. Moore, MD 840 Neurenteric Cyst, Spine Usha D. Nagaraj, MD DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES 844 Lateral Meningocele Kevin R. Moore, MD 848 Dorsal Spinal Meningocele Kevin R. Moore, MD 852 Dural Dysplasia Kevin R. Moore, MD GENETIC DISORDERS 856 Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Spine Kevin R. Moore, MD 860 Neurofibromatosis Type 2, Spine Kevin R. Moore, MD 864 Achondroplasia Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD 868 Mucopolysaccharidoses, Spine Kevin R. Moore, MD 872 Sickle Cell Disease, Spine Kevin R. Moore, MD 876 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD SCOLIOSIS AND KYPHOSIS 880 Developmental Spinal Stenosis Kevin R. Moore, MD 884 Neuromuscular Scoliosis Kevin R. Moore, MD 886 Idiopathic Scoliosis Kevin R. Moore, MD 888 Idiopathic Kyphosis Kevin R. Moore, MD SECTION 2: TRAUMA 892 Apophyseal Ring Fracture Kevin R. Moore, MD SECTION 3: DEVELOPMENTAL AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES 898 Schmorl Node Kevin R. Moore, MD 902 Scheuermann Kyphosis Kevin R. Moore, MD 906 Congenital Scoliosis and Kyphosis Kevin R. Moore, MD 910 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Kevin R. Moore, MD SECTION 4: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS INFECTIONS 914 Pyogenic Osteomyelitis Kevin R. Moore, MD 918 Tuberculous Osteomyelitis Kevin R. Moore, MD INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS 924 Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis Kevin R. Moore, MD 928 Neuromyelitis Optica Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD 932 Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis, Spine Kevin R. Moore, MD 934 ADEM, Spine Kevin R. Moore, MD 936 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease, Spine Kevin R. Moore, MD 938 Guillain-Barré Syndrome Kevin R. Moore, MD and Blaise V. Jones, MD 942 Acute Flaccid Myelitis Kevin R. Moore, MD SECTION 5: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES NEOPLASMS EXTRADURAL SPACE 948 Osteoid Osteoma Kevin R. Moore, MD 952 Osteoblastoma Kevin R. Moore, MD 956 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Kevin R. Moore, MD 960 Osteochondroma Kevin R. Moore, MD 964 Osteogenic Sarcoma Kevin R. Moore, MD 968 Chordoma Kevin R. Moore, MD 972 Ewing Sarcoma Kevin R. Moore, MD 976 Leukemia, Spine Kevin R. Moore, MD 980 Neuroblastic Tumors Kevin R. Moore, MD 984 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Kevin R. Moore, MD 988 Angiolipoma Kevin R. Moore, MD INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY SPACE 992 CSF Disseminated Metastases Kevin R. Moore, MD 998 Myxopapillary Ependymoma Kevin R. Moore, MD INTRAMEDULLARY SPACE 1002 Astrocytoma, Spine Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD 1006 Spinal Ependymoma Kevin R. Moore, MD NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS 1010 Syringomyelia Kevin R. Moore, MD and Blaise V. Jones, MD 1012 Lipoma, Spine Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD 1016 Epidural Lipomatosis Kevin R. Moore, MD 1018 Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Kevin R. Moore, MD SECTION 6: SPINE POSTPROCEDURAL IMAGING 1024 Hardware Failure Kevin R. Moore, MD