Introduction to Wave Scattering, Localization and Mesoscopic Phenomena

to Wave Scattering, Localization and Mesoscopic Phenomena Second Edition With 72 Figures 123 ProfessorPingSheng Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Department of Physics Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong E-mail: sheng@ust. hk Series Editors: ProfessorRobertHull Professor Jürgen Parisi ¿ University of Virginia Universitat Oldenburg, Fachbereich Physik Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering Abt. Energie- und Halbleiterforschung Thornton Hall Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11 Charlottesville, VA 22903-2442, USA 26129 Oldenburg, Germany ProfessorR. M. Osgood,Jr. Professor Hans Warlimont Microelectronics Science Laboratory Institut fur ¿ Festkor ¿ per- Department of Electrical Engineering und Werkstofforschung, Columbia University Helmholtzstrasse 20 Seeley W. Mudd Building 01069 Dresden, Germany New York, NY 10027, USA ISSN 0933-033X ISBN-10 3-540-29155-5 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-29155-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2006925436 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specif ically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproductiononmicrof ilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks. Duplicationofthispublicationor parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media. springeronline. com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc.