Modern Microscopies
Techniques and Applications
(Sprache: Englisch)
For several decades the electron microscope has been the instrument of choice for the examination of biological structures at high resolution. Biologists have be come familiar with the techniques and pitfalls of sample preparation and with the...
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Klappentext zu „Modern Microscopies “
For several decades the electron microscope has been the instrument of choice for the examination of biological structures at high resolution. Biologists have be come familiar with the techniques and pitfalls of sample preparation and with the interpretation of the images obtained. The purpose of this book is to introduce the biologist to a number of new imaging techniques that are now becoming avail able to supplement and even extend the information that can be obtained from the now-traditional electron microscope. Some of these techniques are still at the experimental stage, while others, such as cryoelectron microscopy and confocal optical microscopy, are at advanced stages of development and are already avail able commercially. This book represents a first attempt to quantify the progress made by bring ing together, in one volume, an account of the technical bases and the future potentials of the various techniques. Although the content is primarily aimed at biologists, microscopists in other fields should also find the information of interest and use. All the chapters are written by leading experts who are at the forefront of these exciting developments. About half the book is concerned with x-ray microscopy; the editors make no apology for this since they are both intimately involved with developments associated with this field and therefore view it, perhaps with bias, as being of the utmost importance.
Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „Modern Microscopies “
1. Modern Microscopy1.1. Introduction
1.2. Cryoelectron Microscopy
1.3. X-Ray Microscopy
1.4. Imaging by Magnetic Resonance Techniques
1.5. Confocal Optical Microscopy
1.6. Acoustic Microscopy
1.7. Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy
1.8. Summary
- References
2. Electron Microscopy of Biological Macromolecules: Frozen Hydrated Methods and Computer Image Processing
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Levels of Structure in Biological Material
2.3. Image Processing
2.3.1. Filtering
2.3.2. Regular Two-Dimensional Objects
2.3.3. Superposition Effects
2.3.4. Contrast Transfer Functions
2.3.5. Objects with Rotational Symmetry
2.3.6. Helical Objects
2.3.7. Three-Dimensional Reconstruction
2.3.8. Correction of Image Defects
2.4. Examination of Frozen Hydrated Material
2.4.1. Sample Preparation
2.4.2. Virus Particles
2.4.3. Crystals
2.4.4. Cytoskeletal and Other Cellular Components
2.4.5. Problems of Interpretation
2.4.6. Radiation Damage
2.5. Conclusions
- References
3. Radiation Sources for X-Ray Microscopy
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Electron-Impact Sources
3.3. Synchrotron Radiation
3.4. Plasma Sources
3.5. Microfocus Sources
3.6. Choice of Source
- References
4. Amplitude and Phase Contrast in X-Ray Microscopy
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Amplitude and Phase Contrast
4.3. Radiation Dosage
4.4. Results
- References
5. Scanning X-Ray Microscopy
5.1. Introduction
5.2. X-Ray Optics
5.2.1. Status of Zone Plate Optics
5.2.2. Source Requirements: Coherence and Brilliance
5.3. X-Ray Sources
5.4. Scanning X-Ray Microscopes at Synchrotron Sources s
5.4.1. The King's College Microscope at Daresbury
5.4.2. The Stony Brook/NSLS Scanning Microscope at Brookhaven
5.4.3. The Gottingen Scanning Microscope at BESSY
5.5. Summary and Future Work
- References
6. X-Ray Microradiography and Shadow Projection X-Ray Microscopy
6.1. Introduction
6.2. X-Ray Sources
6.3. X-Ray Detectors
6.4. X-Ray Microradiography
6.5. Shadow Projection Microscopy
6.5.1.
... mehr
Thin-Film Targets
6.5.2. Real-Time Imaging and Image Processing
6.6. Conclusions
- References
7. Progress and Prospects in Soft X-Ray Holographic Microscopy
7.1. Introduction
7.2. The New Technologies
7.3. X-Ray Holographic Experiments at the NSLS
7.4. Three-Dimensional Imaging
7.5. Diffraction Tomography
7.6. Future Developments
- References
8. Prospects for NMR Microscopy
8.1. The Development of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
8.2. The Dependence of Image Quality on Spatial Resolution and Tissue Contrast: The Biological Basis of Tissue Characterization
8.3. Clinical Value of Tissue Characterization by NMR
8.4. Cine-NMR for Cardiac Imaging
8.5. NMR Angiography
8.6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Free Radicals and Oxygen Concentration
8.7. NMR Microscopy
- References
9. NMR Microscopy of Plants
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Experimental
9.3. Results and Discussion
9.4. Conclusions
- References
10. Confocal Optical Microscopy
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Basic Principles
10.3. The Principle of the Confocal Microscope
10.4. Multiple-Aperture Array (Tandem) Scanning Microscopes
10.5. Single-Beam (Laser) Confocal Scanning Microscopes
10.6. Results and Applications
10.6.1. Surface Imaging
10.6.2. Extended-Focus or Range Images
10.6.3. Stereo Imaging
10.6.4. Stereology
10.6.5. Image Processing
10.6.6. Fluorescence
10.7. Comparisons
- References
11. Acoustic Microscopy in Biology: An Engineer's Viewpoint
11.1. Scope
11.2. Basic Physics of Ultrasound
11.2.1. Velocity
11.2.2. Acoustic Impedance
11.3. History
11.4. Instrumentation and Operation
11.4.1. The Acoustic Lens
11.4.2. Electronics, Scanning, and Image Display
11.4.3. Resolution
11.4.4. When is an Acoustic Microscope Not a Microscope?
11.5. Application to Soft Tissue
11.5.1. "Real-Time" Biopsy
11.5.2. Optical Microscopy and Medical Ultrasonics
11.5.3. Cell Attachment and Examination of Living Cells
11.5.4. Nonlinear Effects
11.6. Applications to Demineralization
11.7. Conclusion and the Future
- References
12. Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Outline of Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy
12.3. Theory
12.4. Equipment and Instrumentation
12.5. Tip and Sample Preparation
12.6. STM of Organic Macromolecules
12.6.1. Introduction
12.6.2. Insulating Molecules: Contact and Substrate Effects
12.6.3. Semiinsulating and Conducting Molecules
12.7. Conclusions
- References
13. Resolution: A Biological Perspective
13.1. Overview
13.2. Introduction
13.3. Biological Structural Problems
13.4. Location of Specific Elements
13.5. Areas of Structural Biology Where New Techniques Might be Helpful
13.5.1. Living Systems
13.5.2. Dynamic Processes
13.5.3. Location of Selected Elements
13.5.4. Structure of Large Molecules at Atomic Resolution
13.5.5. Thick Specimens
13.6. Conclusions
- References
6.5.2. Real-Time Imaging and Image Processing
6.6. Conclusions
- References
7. Progress and Prospects in Soft X-Ray Holographic Microscopy
7.1. Introduction
7.2. The New Technologies
7.3. X-Ray Holographic Experiments at the NSLS
7.4. Three-Dimensional Imaging
7.5. Diffraction Tomography
7.6. Future Developments
- References
8. Prospects for NMR Microscopy
8.1. The Development of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
8.2. The Dependence of Image Quality on Spatial Resolution and Tissue Contrast: The Biological Basis of Tissue Characterization
8.3. Clinical Value of Tissue Characterization by NMR
8.4. Cine-NMR for Cardiac Imaging
8.5. NMR Angiography
8.6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Free Radicals and Oxygen Concentration
8.7. NMR Microscopy
- References
9. NMR Microscopy of Plants
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Experimental
9.3. Results and Discussion
9.4. Conclusions
- References
10. Confocal Optical Microscopy
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Basic Principles
10.3. The Principle of the Confocal Microscope
10.4. Multiple-Aperture Array (Tandem) Scanning Microscopes
10.5. Single-Beam (Laser) Confocal Scanning Microscopes
10.6. Results and Applications
10.6.1. Surface Imaging
10.6.2. Extended-Focus or Range Images
10.6.3. Stereo Imaging
10.6.4. Stereology
10.6.5. Image Processing
10.6.6. Fluorescence
10.7. Comparisons
- References
11. Acoustic Microscopy in Biology: An Engineer's Viewpoint
11.1. Scope
11.2. Basic Physics of Ultrasound
11.2.1. Velocity
11.2.2. Acoustic Impedance
11.3. History
11.4. Instrumentation and Operation
11.4.1. The Acoustic Lens
11.4.2. Electronics, Scanning, and Image Display
11.4.3. Resolution
11.4.4. When is an Acoustic Microscope Not a Microscope?
11.5. Application to Soft Tissue
11.5.1. "Real-Time" Biopsy
11.5.2. Optical Microscopy and Medical Ultrasonics
11.5.3. Cell Attachment and Examination of Living Cells
11.5.4. Nonlinear Effects
11.6. Applications to Demineralization
11.7. Conclusion and the Future
- References
12. Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Outline of Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy
12.3. Theory
12.4. Equipment and Instrumentation
12.5. Tip and Sample Preparation
12.6. STM of Organic Macromolecules
12.6.1. Introduction
12.6.2. Insulating Molecules: Contact and Substrate Effects
12.6.3. Semiinsulating and Conducting Molecules
12.7. Conclusions
- References
13. Resolution: A Biological Perspective
13.1. Overview
13.2. Introduction
13.3. Biological Structural Problems
13.4. Location of Specific Elements
13.5. Areas of Structural Biology Where New Techniques Might be Helpful
13.5.1. Living Systems
13.5.2. Dynamic Processes
13.5.3. Location of Selected Elements
13.5.4. Structure of Large Molecules at Atomic Resolution
13.5.5. Thick Specimens
13.6. Conclusions
- References
... weniger
Bibliographische Angaben
- 2011, 1990, XIV, 272 Seiten, 2 farbige Abbildungen, Masse: 15,2 x 22,9 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Herausgegeben: P. J. Duke, Alan G. Michette
- Verlag: Springer, Berlin
- ISBN-10: 1461287774
- ISBN-13: 9781461287773
Sprache:
Englisch
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