The New International System of Units (SI)

Foreword Preface List of Abbreviations INTRODUCTION BASICS Measurement The SI (Système International d'Unités) LASER COOLING, ATOMIC CLOCKS, AND THE SECOND Techniques for Laser Cooling The Cs-Fountain Clock Optical Clocks SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, JOSEPHSON EFFECT, AND FLUX QUANTA Josephson Effect and Quantum Voltage Standards Flux Quanta and Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices QUANTUM HALL EFFECT Basic Physics of Three- and Two Dimensional Semiconductors Two-Dimensional Electron Systems in Real Semiconductors The Hall Effect Quantum Hall Resistance Standards SINGLE-CHARGE TRANSFER DEVICES AND THE NEW AMPERE Basic Physics of Single-Electron Transport Quantized Current Sources Consistency Tests: Quantum Metrology Triangle PLANCK CONSTANT, THE NEW KILOGRAM, AND THE MOLE The Avogadro Experiment The Watt Balance Experiment The Mole, Unit of Amount of Susbstance BOLTZMANN CONSTANT AND THE NEW KELVIN Primary Thermometers Realization and Disseminiation of the New Kelvin SINGLE-PHOTON METROLOGY AND QUANTUM RADIOMETRY Single-Photon Sources Single-Photon Detectors Metrological Challenges

Ernst O. Göbel and Uwe Siegner, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, PTB (the National Metrology Institute of Germany) have worked in the field of metrology for many years and both are experienced university lecturers.

Ernst O. Göbel, PhD, was president of PTB from 1995 till 2011. His scientific background is in solid state and laser physics and laser spectroscopy. He was a member of the Comité International des Poids et Mesures, CIPM, from 1997 till 2013, and from 2004 till 2010, its president. He had been full professor at the University of Marburg and is member of several national and international academies. He has issued more than three hundred original scientific publications and is recipient of several scientific awards such as the Leibniz Prize of the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Max Born Award jointly provided by the Institute of Physics (London) and the German Physical Society (DFG).

Uwe Siegner, PhD, is the head of the Electricity Division of PTB and a member of the Comité Consultatif d`Électricité et Magnétisme, CCEM, of the CIPM. He is an honorary professor at the Technical University of Braunschweig and a principal investigator of the Braunschweig International Graduate School of Metrology. His scientific background is in solid state physics and ultrafast laser optics and he has authored or co-authored about 100 original scientific publications in these fields.